The word "crack" comes from the distinctive sound heard when the substance heats up. When crack is heated and inhaled, the vapours are absorbed through the lungs and into the bloodstream, according to the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse.
The list of potential effects cocaine and crack cocaine can have on a person is long, and can vary depending on the amount taken, how often it is smoked and any medical or psychological conditions a person may have.
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The typical retail price for crack in Canada in 2009 was $80.50 for a gram, according to the United Nations World Drug Report 2013. The typical wholesale price in Canada was $26,178.90 for a kilogram of crack, according to the report.
Last week, before Rob Ford's admission that "Yes, I have smoked crack cocaine," defence lawyer Mike Lacy told CBC News that smoking crack is illegal under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. The actual criminal offence would be possession.
Lacy explained that's because possession, "happens concurrently with the smoking of it, and when you are dealing with crack it is consumed quickly, but there is a period of time where there would be possession."
Marion Barry, a former mayor of Washington, was caught smoking crack in a police sting operation in 1990 and went to jail for six months. He was subsequently re-elected mayor, for a fourth term, in 1994, and currently sits as a councillor.
The late comedian Richard Pryor, who co-wrote the movie Blazing Saddles, was at one point probably the most famous crack smoker in the world. In 1980, Pryor was freebasing cocaine, a highly flammable version of crack, when he set himself on fire and almost died. He later performed a skit around that misadventure.
Bonus points: To perfect your DIY mushroom setup, use a hygrometer to keep track of humidity levels. Using this tool will help you learn how often to spray your chamber and what works best for each type of mushroom at different stages of the growth cycle. The ideal humidity level is 75-90%, so make sure to find a hygrometer that can measure relative humidity that high.
This volcanic double whammy produces both gentle fissure eruptions of basaltic lava as well as stratovolcanoes that are characterised by periodic non-explosive lava flows and explosive, pyroclastic eruptions, which produce clouds of ash, gas and debris.
More than 197 million Indonesians live within 100 km of a volcano, with nearly nine million of those within 10 km. Indonesia has more volcanoes than any other country in the world. The 1815 eruption of its Mount Tambora still holds the record for the largest in recent history.
In this so-called convergent plate boundary setting, the process of subduction generates volcanism. Subduction occurs because when two plates collide, the higher density plate containing oceanic crust sinks beneath another less dense plate, which contains either continental crust or younger, hotter and therefore less dense oceanic crust. As the plate descends into the mantle, it releases fluids that trigger melting of the overriding plate, thus producing magma. This then rises and erupts at the surface to form an arc-shaped chain of volcanoes, inward of, but parallel to, the subducting plate margin.
The June 3 eruption of the Guatemalan stratovolcano, Volcan de Fuego (Volcano of Fire), devastated Guatemalans, and the rest of the world, as horrifying images and videos of people trying to escape the quick-moving pyroclastic flow filled the news.
Unlike Indonesia, however, the convergent boundary between these two plates occurs on land instead of within the ocean. Therefore, the Guatemalan arc does not form islands but a northwest-southeast trending chain of onshore volcanoes.
Like Iceland, Hawaii is also underlain by a hot spot. However, because the Pacific Plate is moving to the northwest over this relatively fixed mantle anomaly, the resulting volcanism creates a linear chain of islands within the Pacific Ocean. A volcano forming over the hot spot will be carried away, over millions of years, by the moving tectonic plate. As a new volcano begins to form, the older one becomes extinct, cools and sinks to form a submarine mountain. Through this process, the islands of Hawaii have been forming for the past 70 million years.
It may be surprising to hear that despite the Himalayas, like the Andes, being located on a very active convergent plate boundary, they are not volcanically active. In fact, there are barely any volcanoes at all within the mountain range.
Trusdell started working at the observatory three decades ago while still a college student sorting through career options. He made up his mind to go with volcanology after witnessing a Kilauea eruption first-hand.
In addition to the study of volcano plumbing, HVO scientists maintain a vigilant watch on earthquake activity. Every day, between 10 and 30 earthquakes affect the Big Island, though most go undetected by the general population.
When I ask Poland about recent on-the-job highlights, he recalls five consecutive days of Kilauea volcano activity last year that sent molten-lava spatter up to 160 feet in the air at a breakout fissure near Puu Oo.
Kilauea volcano shows no inclination toward tapering its current 29-year phase of continuous eruption. Mauna Loa, quiet since a 1984 breakout near its summit sent lava within four miles of Hilo town before ending, is considered long overdue for some eruptive activity of its own. And although silent since 1801 and the 17th century, Hualalai and Haleakala, respectively, remain categorized as active Hawaiian volcanoes more than likely to erupt again someday.
Swanson says studying Hawaiian volcanoes is both an honor and humbling. The only certainty that comes with working at Kilauea each day is the chance that something new or unexpected could happen, and something new could be discovered.
Teotihuacán itself was likely settled as early as 400 B.C., but it was only around A.D. 100, an era of robust population growth and increased urbanization in Mesoamerica, that the metropolis as we know it, with its wide boulevards and monumental pyramids, was built. Some historians have theorized that its founders were refugees driven north by the eruption of a volcano. Others have speculated that they were Totonacs, a tribe from the east.
Sometimes the cracks are tiny, as thin as hair, with barely noticeable movement between the rock layers. But faults can also be hundreds of miles long, such as the San Andreas Fault in California and the Anatolian Fault in Turkey, both of which are visible from space.
I am a learning soaper. I am on about my 15th or so batch of 8lbs. I had a new recipe that I made, simple INS of 165, iodine good, sat:unsat ratio of only a 2 spread. But my inexperience left me worried and discourage when it started to gell. I Super Fatted it at 20 per cent so I would have the soap/lotion bar effect. I thought the gelling was a problem. I left it in the molds for 2 days uncovered, except pieces of cardboard on top. Discouraged I cut it. To my surprise it looked good. After 2 days of drying it looks normal, as you said just a little translucent. I scented it with 3 oz of rose essence and one ounce of mandarin orange, which gave it a more fresh picked rose smell. Thanks to you advice I can stop worrying about my new recipe. Just one question how and what do you do about the little 1inch cracks, I end up with 1 to 3 of them per log and it . (I used my finger to squish fill in the cracks any advice?)
Cracking can happen for several reasons, including heat or a high percentage of butters. Because your soap gelled, it may be getting hot enough to form those cracks on top. To prevent that, you can pop your soap in the fridge or freezer for 5-24 hours. That will keep it nice and cool, which helps prevent gel phase and any cracking due to heat.
Also, if you have more than 15% butter (cocoa, mango, shea) in your recipe, you may try reducing those. We have found that more than 15% butter can make the soap a little brittle, which causes the cracking as well. ?
Several generation mechanisms have been proposed for volcanic tremors, although a physical understanding of their origins has been elusive. Julian (1994) proposed a model in which oscillations of the channel were excited by a nonlinear process that occurred when magmatic fluid flowed through it. Chouet (1988) demonstrated that resonance induced in a fluid-filled crack by an impulsive pressure transient could explain many of the observed characteristics associated with long-period events and harmonic tremors. A magma-wagging oscillation against the restoring gas-spring force of the annulus around the magma column was modeled for volcanic tremors during a magma eruption (Jellinek and Bercovici 2011). The growth and collapse of bubbles as groundwater boils is thought to be a reasonable mechanism for harmonic tremors at geysers (Leet 1988). However, volcanic tremors accompanied by a phreatic eruption remain poorly understood. The installation of a dense network of seismic stations near the source of the signal is essential. A small phreatic eruption of the Hakone volcano provided an opportunity to address this issue, because seismic data were measured through such a dense network of stations that were installed near the eruption vents.
The Hakone volcano is located in the northern part of Izu Peninsula, central Japan (Fig. 1). Although there is no historical record of magma eruption, fumarolic activity has persisted in the Owakudani (or Owakidani) geothermal region, approximately 1000 m above sea level on the northern slope of the central cone. Within the caldera, intense swarm activities have often been observed at depths of 0 km (sea level) to 8 km (e.g., Yukutake et al. 2010; Mannen 2003). During these swarm activities, most of the earthquakes reported have been volcano-tectonic (VT) ones generated by the failure of brittle faults. They exhibit a clear onset of P- and S-waves.
The activity of VT earthquakes in the Hakone volcano gradually increased from the end of April to the end of May 2015 (Fig. 2). The most pronounced activity was observed on May 16, 2015, when more than 1000 VT earthquakes occurred, and the activity gradually decreased beginning in June. The Global Navigation Satellite System detected a stretching of the baseline length across the volcano slightly before the onset of the seismic activity, reflecting an inflation of the pressure source at a depth of around 8 km (Harada et al. 2015). A local ground uplift was also detected using interferometric SAR (InSAR) in Owakudani from the beginning of May (Doke et al. 2015). 2ff7e9595c
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